The use of keywords as part of an identification and classification system long predates computers. Metadata tags as described in this article should not be confused with the use of the word "tag" in some software to refer to an automatically generated cross-reference examples of the latter are tags tables in Emacs and smart tags in Microsoft Office. When tags or other taxonomies have further properties (or semantics) such as relationships and attributes, they constitute an ontology. Others are combining top-down and bottom-up tagging, including in some large library catalogs ( OPACs) such as WorldCat. : 142–143 Some researchers and applications have experimented with combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical tagging to aid in information retrieval. : 142 This definition of "top down" and "bottom up" should not be confused with the distinction between a single hierarchical tree structure (in which there is one correct way to classify each item) versus multiple non-hierarchical sets (in which there are multiple ways to classify an item) the structure of both top-down and bottom-up taxonomies may be either hierarchical, non-hierarchical, or a combination of both. : 142 : 24 Top-down taxonomies are created by an authorized group of designers (sometimes in the form of a controlled vocabulary), whereas bottom-up taxonomies (called folksonomies) are created by all users. Tagging systems have sometimes been classified into two kinds: top-down and bottom-up. On websites that aggregate the tags of all users, an individual user's tags can be useful both to them and to the larger community of the website's users. Websites that include tags often display collections of tags as tag clouds, as do some desktop applications. These sites allow users to create and manage labels (or "tags") that categorize content using simple keywords. Tagging gained popularity due to the growth of social bookmarking, image sharing, and social networking websites. Computer based search algorithms made the use of such keywords a rapid way of exploring records. People were using textual keywords to classify information and objects long before computers. An analogous example of tags in the physical world is museum object tagging. Tags may take the form of words, images, or other identifying marks. People use tags to aid classification, mark ownership, note boundaries, and indicate online identity. It is now also part of other database systems, desktop applications, and operating systems. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the system, although they may also be chosen from a controlled vocabulary. This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. In information systems, a tag is a keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an Internet bookmark, multimedia, database record, or computer file). A tag cloud with terms related to Web 2.0 Not to be confused with Hashtag or Mention (blogging).
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